Após reabertura, poluição na China está pior do que antes da pandemia
A indústria corre atrás do tempo perdido – mas a poluição mais elevada que a média (que já é alta) piora a situação das vítimas da 2ª onda de covid-19.
Desde o início das quarentenas, as emissões de gases poluentes caíram pelo mundo todo. Na China, terra natal do novo coronavírus, não foi diferente. Mas agora, com o retorno da maior potência asiática às atividades normais – e as fábricas trabalhando a todo vapor em busca do tempo perdido –, os níveis de poluição em algumas partes do país já estão piores do que eram antes da pandemia.
Os dados são do Centro de Pesquisa em Energia e Ar Limpo (CREA, sigla em inglês), uma organização independente que analisa a qualidade do ar por toda a Terra. Foi feita uma comparação entre as emissões de alguns gases poluentes entre os mesmos meses de 2019 e 2020. O dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2) e o dióxido de enxofre, ambos poluentes atmosféricos causadores de problemas como a chuva ácida, aumentaram, em maio, cerca de 5% em comparação com o ano anterior.
O ozônio (O3) – que, apesar de importante, em excesso também é um problema –, teve uma alta de 10% no mesmo período. Os materiais particulados de 2,5 μm, bastante perigosos, aumentaram cerca de 3%. Esse material nada mais é do que fuligem microscópica – que, em longo prazo, inevitavelmente causa doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares graves em uma porcentagem da população exposta. As regiões mais afetadas são as que abrigam parques industriais, como Jilin e Heilongjiang.
Não é a primeira vez que a China registra um aumento em seus níveis de poluição em um cenário pós-crise. Isso aconteceu em 2003, após o surto de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (Sars), também causado por um coronavírus. Aconteceu de novo de 2009 em diante, por causa da recuperação da crise financeira de 2008. No inverno de 2013, vale lembrar, ocorreu um fenômeno batizado de airpocalypse (um trocadilho, em português, “arpocalipse”): uma camada de poluição descomunal até para os padrões chineses obrigou toda a população a se recolher em casa por alguns dias.
Um estudo feito por cientistas da Universidade de Harvard mostrou que pessoas que vivem em regiões com maior índice de poluição tem 15% mais chances de morrer pela covid-19. Vale lembrar que o surto do novo coronavírus não acabou de vez na China. Na última semana, cinco milhões de chineses voltaram para o lockdown nas cidades de Shulan e Jilin, e a poluição pode intensificar possíveis novos casos de infecção.
Em 2014, após o susto do airpocalypse, a China iniciou um plano de ação para reduzir a poluição atmosférica. O país diminuiu o uso de carvão em 3,5% entre 2013 e 2017, aumentou o uso de energia solar e colocou em circulação mais de um milhão de veículos elétricos. Tudo isso resultou numa queda de 12% da presença de materiais particulados no ar. O importante, agora, é não regredir.
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